Contents. Name The city was named in compliance with the of Catherine the Great.
It was named after the ancient Greek city of, which was mistakenly believed to have been located here. Although Odessa is located in between the ancient Greek cities of and, Odessos is believed to be the predecessor of the present day city of, Bulgaria.
Catherine's claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man. 's statue of the in Odessa However, adjacent to the new official locality, a colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement known under the name of. Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odessa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey (since 1795 Odessa proper), on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odessa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke. In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens.
What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first, the, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as of a cemetery. Nearby stood the and the country houses ( ) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the, appointed by Tzar as Governor of Odessa in 1803. In the mid-19th century Odessa became a resort town famed for its popularity among the Russian upper classes. This popularity prompted a new age of investment in the building of hotels and leisure projects. In the period from 1795 to 1814 the population of Odessa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people.
The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odessa's central district, such as the Italians and, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes and squares remained unchanged. The new city quickly became a major success although initially it received little state funding and privileges. Its early growth owed much to the work of the, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814.
Having fled the, he had served in army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odessa, together with another Frenchman, Count, who succeeded him in office.
Richelieu is commemorated by a, unveiled in 1828 to a design. His contributions to the city are mentioned by in his travelogue: 'I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story.
Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World'. By the early 1900s Odessa had become a large, thriving city, complete with European architecture and electrified urban transport. In 1819, the city became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its nature was documented by the great, who lived in in Odessa between 1823 and 1824.
In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where 'the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read'. Odessa's growth was interrupted by the of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by and naval forces.
It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with and as well as with in Romania. The 142-metre-long (constructed 1837–1841), made famous by in his movie (1925). The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, due to interethnic conflict that had existed throughout the 19th century, repeatedly subjected to anti-Jewish backlash. Were carried out in.
Many Odessan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the region that became, and the city became an important base of support for. Beginnings of revolution. Bolshevik troops entering Odessa In 1905, Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the and 's. 's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the 'Potemkin Steps'), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the 'slaughter'. The 'Odessa Steps' continue to be a in Odessa.
The film was made at, one of the oldest cinema studios in the. Following the in 1917 during, Odessa saw two Bolsheviks armed insurgencies, the succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months the city became a center of the. After signing of the all Bolshevik forces were driven out by the combined armed forces of, providing support to the. With the end of the and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of Ukrainian People's Republic. Few months later the city was occupied by the and the that supported the Russian in struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the unwelcome forces out of the city, but Odessa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army.
Finally by 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city. The people of Odessa badly suffered from a that occurred as a result of the in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of. Revolutionary soldiers, Odessa - 1916. Revolutionary soldiers, Odessa - 1916 World War II Odessa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The lasted 73 days from 5 August to 16 October 1941. The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, AT ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city.
The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. The third and last line of defense was organised inside the city itself. Was established on 22 December 1942. Approximately 38,000 people have been awarded (servicemen of the Soviet Army, Navy, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and civil citizens who took part in the defense of Odessa).
It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of ' in 1945 (, and ). In the battle for Odessa took part the world's best female sniper. Her first 2 kills were made near Belyayevka using a Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle with a P.E.
4-power scope. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during defense of Odessa. Pavlichenko's total confirmed kills during World War II was 309 (including 36 snipers).
Before being occupied by Romanian troops in 1941, a part of the city's population, industry, infrastructure and all cultural valuables possible were evacuated to inner regions of the USSR and the retreating Red Army units destroyed as much as they could of Odessa harbour facilities left behind. The city was in the same way as Kiev. During, from 1941–1944, Odessa was subject to administration, as the city had been made part of. Partisan fighting continued, however, in the.
Soviet gun crew in action at Odessa in 1941 Following the, and the occupation, approximately 25,000 Odessans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed.
After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining to extermination camps in German, and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the tragic events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.
The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odessa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. Some of the Odessans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day.
Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odessans (and deported most of the German and Tatar population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers. Ships at anchor in Odessa – the USSR's largest port, 1960 During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless, the majority of Odessa's Jews emigrated to, the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s. Many ended up in the neighborhood of, sometimes known as 'Little Odessa'. Domestic migration of the Odessan middle and to Moscow and, cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union. Nowadays the city is undergoing a phase of widespread urban restoration.
As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly environment with the. The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks of its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odessan life in some way or form. Odessa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. Odessa is also a Ukrainian base and home to a.
It is known for its large outdoor market – the, the largest of its kind in Europe. The city has seen violence in the during.
The between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during the protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire and its exits blocked by Ukrainian nationalists.
Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia Odessa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). Internal Affairs Ministry advisor said on 25 December that Odessa and Kharkiv had become 'cities which are being used to escalate tensions' in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their 'geographic position'. On 5 January 2015 the city's Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed. Geography Location. The Vorontsov Lighthouse in the Gulf of Odessa. The city is located on the Black Sea.
Odessa is situated ( ) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the in the, approximately 31 km (19 mi) north of the estuary of the river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital. The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres (160 feet), whilst the maximum is 65 metres (213 feet) and minimum (on the coast) amounts to 4.2 metres (13.8 feet).
The city currently covers a territory of 163 km 2 (63 sq mi), the population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km². Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odessa is famous for its beautiful tree-lined avenues which, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, made the city a favourite year-round retreat for the Russian aristocracy. The city's location on the coast of the has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odessa. The city's famous Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation, both for the city's inhabitants and its many visitors. This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre.
Odessa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine, as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated. The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent, resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea. Due to the fluctuating slopes of land, city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas, and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city near water. Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business. Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, instability in the foundations buildings are built upon are resulted.
A view of central Odessa, as seen from the. Climate Odessa has a hot-summer ( Dfa, using the 0 °C 32 °F isotherm) that borderlines the ( BSk) as well as a ( Cfa) This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer tourism. During the tsarist era, Odessa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. This resulted in the development of a spa culture and the establishment of a number of high-end hotels in the city. The average annual temperature of sea is 13–14 °C (55–57 °F), whilst seasonal temperatures range from an average of 6 °C (43 °F) in the period from January to March, to 23 °C (73 °F) in August. Typically, for a total of 4 months – from June to September – the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odessa and city's bay area exceeds 20 °C (68 °F). The city typically experiences dry, cold winters, which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine as they're marked by temperatures which rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F).
Summers on the other hand do see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching into the high 20s and low 30s. Snow cover is often light or moderate, and municipal services rarely experience the same problems that can often be found in other, more northern, Ukrainian cities. This is largely because the higher winter temperatures and coastal location of Odessa prevent significant snowfall. Additionally the city does not suffer from the phenomenon of river-freezing.
The seat of the city's municipal authorities Whilst Odessa is the of the , the city is also the main constituent of the Odessa Municipality. However, since Odessa is a, this makes the city subject directly to the administration of the oblast's authorities, thus removing it from the responsibility of the municipality. The city of Odessa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth-running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws. The city's budget is also controlled by the administration. The mayoralty plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. Above all comes the mayor, who is elected, by the city's electorate, for five years in a direct election. Was reelected in the first round of the election with 52,9% of the vote.
There are five deputy mayors, each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city's public policy. The centre of Odessa, with its statue of, is one of the city's major attractions. Odessa's most iconic symbol, the (Primorsky Stairs) is a vast staircase that conjures an illusion so that those at the top only see a series of large steps, while at the bottom all the steps appear to merge into one pyramid-shaped mass. The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The steps were made famous by Sergei Eisenstein in his film, The Battleship Potemkin. Most of the city's 19th-century houses were built of mined nearby.
Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local. This created a gigantic complicated of underground tunnels beneath Odessa, known as '. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for. Park zone at Primorskiy prospekt in Odessa The, or Gorodskoy Sad, is perhaps the most famous of Odessa's gardens.
Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odessa, ) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden's upkeep, he decided to present it to the people of Odessa.
The transfer of ownership took place on 10 November 1806. Nowadays the garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theatre in the summertime. Numerous sculptures can also be found within the grounds as well as a musical fountain, the waters of which are computer controlled to coordinate with the musical melody being played. Odessa's largest park, (previously Alexander Park), was founded in 1875, during a visit to the city by Emperor Alexander II. The park covers an area of around 700 by 900 metres (2,300 by 3,000 feet) and is located near the centre of the city, on the side closest to the sea.
Within the park there is a wide variety of cultural and entertainment facilities, wide pedestrian avenues and natural beauty. In the centre of the park one can find the local top-flight football team's, the Alexander Column and municipal observatory. The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route, which starts at the park's gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau. There are a number of monuments and memorials in the park, one of which is dedicated to the park's namesake, the Ukrainian national poet. Education.
The Odessa National Scientific Library is a major research library, and centre for study, in southern Ukraine. Odessa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. The city's best-known and most prestigious university is the. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossiysk University. Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine's leading research and teaching universities, with staff of around 1,800 and total of thirteen academic faculties. Other than the National University, the city is also home to the 1921-inaugurated, the (founded 1900), the 1918-founded and the Odessa National Maritime University (established 1930).
The main building of the Odessa National Medical University. In addition to these universities, the city is home to the Odessa Law Academy, the National Academy of Telecommunications and the. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the of numerous countries around the world.
The South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University is also based in the city, this is one of the largest institutions for the preparation of educational specialists in Ukraine and is recognised as one of the country's finest of such universities. In addition to all the state-run universities mentioned above, Odessa is also home to a large number of private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects. These establishments, however, typically charge much higher fees than government-owned establishments and may not have hold the same level of official accreditation as their state-run peers. With regard to primary and secondary education, Odessa has a large number of schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum (final secondary school level) age. Most of these schools are state-owned and operated, and all schools have to be state-accredited in order to teach children.
Odessa Archaeological Museum was designed in the just like many other landmarks of the city. The is arguably Odessa's most important museum; it has large European collections from the 16–20th centuries along with the art from the East on display.
There are paintings from, Teniers and Del Piombo. Also of note is the city's, which is dedicated to detailing the short time spent in exile in Odessa, a period during which he continued to write. The poet also has a city street named after him, as well as a statue. Other museums in the city include the, which is housed in a beautiful neoclassical building, the renowned, the, the, Museum of Heroic Defense of Odessa (411th Battery). Among the city's public sculptures, two sets of can be noted, at the as well as the., the major star of the in New York and father of the actor, director and teacher, was born and spent his youth in Odessa.
The most popular Russian show business people from Odessa are (comedian), (legendary writer, who began his career as a port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian ). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in the 1970s, along with Odessa's team, contributed to Odessa's established status as 'capital of Soviet humor', culminating in the annual festival, carried out around the beginning of April. Odessa was also the home of the late Armenian painter (1918–2003), the Ukrainian painter and the Greek philologist, author and promoter of (1854–1929)., bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odessa. Production Manager (1895–1976), the Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director grew up in Odessa, as did Israeli artist and author (1898–1980). Israeli painter (1908–89) was born in Odessa. Further information:, held annually on 1 April, is one of the most celebrated festivals in the city.
Practical joking is a central theme throughout, and Odessans dress in unique, colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves. The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s, when the humor of Ukraine’s citizens were drawn to television and the media, further developing into a mass festival.
Large amounts of money are made from the festivities, supporting Odessa’s local entertainers and shops. Notable Odessans was born in Odessa, and largely developed his version of there in the early 1920s. One, a military commander in World War II and, was born in Odessa, whilst renowned Nazi hunter lived in the city at one time., who was employed by as one of the first spies of the, was a native Odessan. Another intelligence agent from Odessa was, who joined in the Odessa in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered. The composer (1879–1956) was born in Odessa.
He composed over 135 works and was the founder of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U.S. Where he became 'an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music'., a girl from Odessa who looks very similar to a doll, has received attention on the Internet and from the media for her doll-like appearance., writer, and best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the and post-Soviet everyday life is one of most famous living Odessans. Odessa seaport The economy of Odessa largely stems from its traditional role as a port city. The nearly ice-free port lies near the mouths of the, the, the and the rivers, which provide good links to the hinterland. During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port.
The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility, a cargo-handling area and a large passenger port. In 2007 the Port of Odessa handled 31,368,000 tonnes of cargo. The port of Odessa is also one of the 's most important bases on the. Rail transport is another important sector of the economy in Odessa – largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city's port. Industrial enterprises located in and around the city include those dedicated to fuel refinement, machine building, metallurgy, and other types of light industry such as food preparation, timber plants and chemical industry. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. The is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe.
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The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day. Daily sales, according to the Ukrainian periodical, were believed to be as high as USD 20 million in 2004. With a staff of 1,200 (mostly guards and janitors), the market is also the region's largest employer. It is owned by local land and agriculture Viktor A. Dobriansky and three partners of his.
Is the most popular retail chain in Odessa. Key areas of include: retail, wholesale, catering, production, construction and development, private label. Consumer recognition is mainly attributed to the high level of service and the quality of services. Is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer.
The galleries, one of the city's landmarks. Is one of the city's most important commercial streets, hosting a large number of the city's boutiques and higher-end shops. In addition to this there are a number of large commercial shopping centres in the city.
The 19th-century shopping gallery was, for a long time, the city's most upscale shopping district, and remains to this day an important landmark of Odessa. The sector is of great importance to Odessa, which is currently the second most-visited Ukrainian city. In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of 189,2 mln UAH. Other sectors of the city's economy include the banking sector: the city hosts a branch of the., one of Ukraine's largest commercial banks, is based in the city. Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area, as since 1 January 2000, much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared a – this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies, as well as a host of European enterprises, have invested in the development of the free economic zone, to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes.
Scientists A number of world-famous scientists have lived and worked in Odessa. They include: (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908), (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952), and. Transport Maritime transport. Soviet cruise line based in Odessa Odessa is a major maritime transportation hub that includes several ports including, (ferry, freight), (freight only). Beside transportation Port of Odessa became a provisional headquarters of the, due the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. Before, Port of Odessa harbored the major Soviet cruise line.
Passenger ships and ferries connect Odessa with, and, whilst river cruises can occasionally be booked for travel up the to cities such as, and. Roads and automotive transport The first car in Russian Empire, a belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odessa from France in 1891. He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper The Odessa Leaf. The M05 Highway links Odessa with the nation's capital, Kiev. Odessa junction.
Odessa is linked to the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, by the, a high quality multi-lane road which is set to be re-designated, after further reconstructive works, as an 'Avtomagistral' (motorway) in the near future. Other routes of national significance, passing through Odessa, include the M16 Highway to, M15 to and, and the which runs from Odessa, through and to Ukraine's eastern border with Russia. The M14 is of particular importance to Odessa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port which is located in the south east of the country.
Odessa also has a well-developed system of inter-urban municipal roads and minor beltways. However, the city is still lacking an extra-urban bypass for transit traffic which does not wish to proceed through the city centre.
Intercity bus services are available from Odessa to many cities in Russia (Moscow, ), Germany (Berlin, Hamburg and ), Greece ( and ), ( and ) and several cities of and Europe. Railways. Odesa Holovna is one of Ukraine's largest railway terminals. Every day trains depart to a large number of national and international destinations. Odessa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is (Main Station), from where passenger train services connect Odessa with, Prague, Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR.
The city's first railway station was opened in the 1880s, however, during the Second World War, the iconic building of the main station, which had long been considered to be one of the 's premier stations, was destroyed through enemy action. In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina. The current station, which is characterised by its many architectural details and grand scale, was renovated by the state railway operator in 2006. Public transport. Odessa funicular In 1881 Odessa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines, an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of services in 1880 operated by the 'Tramways d'Odessa', a Belgian owned company.
The first steam tramway line ran from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman. These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company.
Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Trams were imported from Germany. The city's system is currently made up of trams, buses and fixed-route taxis. Odessa also has a to Beach, and recreational ferry service. One additional mode of transport in Odessa is quite unique; the, which runs between the city's Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal, has been in service since 1902. In 1998, after many years of neglect, the city decided to raise funds for a replacement track and cars.
This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005. The has now become as much a part of historic Odessa as the staircase to which it runs parallel. Air transport , which is located to the south-west of the city centre, is served by a number of airlines. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odessa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine. Transit flights from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East to Odessa are offered by through their hub at Kiev's.
Additionally Turkish Airlines wide network and daily flights offers more than 246 destinations all over the world. The most popular sport in Odessa is. The main professional football club in the city is, who play in the. Chornomorets play their home games at the, an elite-class stadium which has a maximum capacity of 34,164. The second football team in Odessa is.
Basketball is also a prominent sport in Odessa, with representing the city in the, the highest tier basketball league in Ukraine. Odessa will become one of five Ukrainian cities to host the in 2015.
Athletes player was born in the city. Gymnast (known as 'The Painted Bird of Odessa') brought home Ukraine's first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's in the women's all-around event at in Barcelona, Spain. Figure skaters and won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 World Championships in ice dance. Both were born and raised in the city, though they skated at first for the Soviet Union, in the Unified Team, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and then Russia.
Hennadiy Avdyeyenko won a 1988 Olympic gold medal in thehigh jump, setting an Olympic record at 2.38 metres (7.81 feet). Other notable athletes.
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Bagi pemilik warnet ataupun pengguna internet aktif ada baiknya menggunakan software satu ini. Kemampuannya untuk mengunci sebuah partisi disk ataupun lebih, sangat membuat pengguna nyaman untuk menggunakan internet sebab apapun yang sempat nempel di compi akan terhapus kembali setelah compi di restart. Cara penggunaanya cukup mudah – instal seperti biasa – pilih partisi disk yang akan deep freeze – masukkan password jika dibutuhkan – untuk membuka deep freeze kembali (tekan tahan shift lalu klik pada notifikasi ikon deep freeze yang berlogo wajah beruang) – jangan menyimpan file di disk yang telah di deep freeze – buka deep freeze ketika ingin mengistal suatu program Download.
Are you in need of uninstalling Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 to fix some problems? Are you looking for an effective solution to completely uninstall it and thoroughly delete all of its files out of your PC?
This page provides detailed instructions on how to completely uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. Possible problems when you uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 is not listed in Programs and Features. You do not have sufficient access to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453.
A file required for this uninstallation to complete could not be run. An error has occurred.
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Not all of the files were successfully uninstalled. Another process that is using the file stops Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 being uninstalled. Files and folders of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 can be found in the hard disk after the uninstallation. Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 cannot be uninstalled due to many other problems. An incomplete uninstallation of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 may also cause many problems.
So, it's really important to completely uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 and remove all of its files. How to Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 Completley? Method 1: Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 via Programs and Features.
When a new piece of program is installed on your system, that program is added to the list in Programs and Features. When you want to uninstall the program, you can go to the Programs and Features to uninstall it. So when you want to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453, the first solution is to uninstall it via Programs and Features. Open Programs and Features. Windows Vista and Windows 7 Click Start, type uninstall a program in the Search programs and files box and then click the result.
Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 Open WinX menu by holding Windows and X keys together, and then click Programs and Features. Look for Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 in the list, click on it and then click Uninstall to initiate the uninstallation. Method 2: Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 with its uninstaller.exe. Most of computer programs have an executable file named uninst000.exe or uninstall.exe or something along these lines.
You can find this files in the installation folder of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. Go to the installation folder of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. Find uninstall.exe or unins000.exe. Double click on its uninstaller and follow the wizard to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453.
Method 3: Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 via System Restore. System Restore is a utility which comes with Windows operating systems and helps computer users restore the system to a previous state and remove programs interfering with the operation of the computer. If you have created a system restore point prior to installing a program, then you can use System Restore to restore your system and completely eradicate the unwanted programs like Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. You should backup your personal files and data before doing a System Restore. Close all files and programs that are open. On the desktop, right click Computer and select Properties. The system window will display.
On the left side of the System window, click System protection. The System Properties window will display. Click System Restore and the System Restore window will display. Select Choose a different restore point and click Next.
Select a date and time from the list and then click Next. You should know that all programs and drivers installed after the selected date and time may not work properly and may need to be re-installed. Click Finish when the 'Confirm your restore point' window appears. Click Yes to confirm again.
Method 4: Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 with Antivirus. Nowadays, computer malware appear like common computer applications but they are much more difficult to remove from the computer. Such malware get into the computer with the help of Trojans and spyware. Other computer malware like adware programs or potentially unwanted programs are also very difficult to remove.
They usually get installed on your system by bundling with freeware software like video recording, games or PDF convertors. They can easily bypass the detection of the antivirus programs on your system.
If you cannot remove Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 like other programs, then it's worth checking whether it's a malware or not. Method 5: Reinstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 to Uninstall. When the file required to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 is corrupted or missing, it will not be able to uninstall the program. In such circumstance, reinstalling Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 may do the trick. Run the installer either in the original disk or the download file to reinstall the program again. Sometimes, the installer may allow you to repair or uninstall the program as well.
Method 6: Use the Uninstall Command Displayed in the Registry. When a program is installed on the computer, Windows will save its settings and information in the registry, including the uninstall command to uninstall the program. You can try this method to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453.
Please carefully edit the registry, because any mistake there may make your system crash. Hold Windows and R keys to open the Run command, type in regedit in the box and click OK. Navigate the following registry key and find the one of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453: HKEYLOCALMACHINE SOFTWARE Microsoft Windows CurrentVersion Uninstall c. Double click on the UninstallString value, and copy its Value Data.
Hold Windows and R keys to open the Run command, paste the Value Data in the box and click OK. Follow the wizard to uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453. Method 7: Uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 with Third-party Uninstaller. The manual uninstallation of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 requires computer know-how and patience to accomplish.
And no one can promise the manual uninstallation will completely uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 and remove all of its files. And an incomplete uninstallation will many useless and invalid items in the registry and affect your computer performance in a bad way. Too many useless files also occupy the free space of your hard disk and slow down your PC speed. So, it's recommended that you uninstall Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 with a trusted third-party uninstaller which can scan your system, identify all files of Deep Freeze Standard 7.22.020.3453 and completely remove them.
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